The Hallmarks of Cancer

Douglas Hanahan and Robert A. Weinberg


1. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and, Hormone Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA


2. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA


Available online 27 September 2000.


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Article Outline


• An Enumeration of the Traits
• Acquired Capability: Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals
• Acquired Capability: Insensitivity to Antigrowth Signals
• Acquired Capability: Evading Apoptosis
• Acquired Capability: Limitless Replicative Potential
• Acquired Capability: Sustained Angiogenesis
• Acquired Capability: Tissue Invasion and Metastasis
• An Enabling Characteristic: Genome Instability
• Alternative Pathways to Cancer
• Synthesis
• Acknowledgements
• References